{"id":4435,"date":"2019-04-01T15:00:31","date_gmt":"2019-04-01T13:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.auxsons.com\/?post_type=focus&#038;p=4435"},"modified":"2019-10-16T12:59:57","modified_gmt":"2019-10-16T10:59:57","slug":"4-the-sound-of-brazil","status":"publish","type":"focus","link":"https:\/\/www.auxsons.com\/en\/focus\/4-the-sound-of-brazil\/","title":{"rendered":"The sound of Brazil"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Brazilian popular music, known as <span class=\"caps\">MPB<\/span>, Musica Popular Brasileira, has had a profound impact on the world. While bossa nova remains the most widely listened to genre in Brazil, the many variants inspired by Brazilian heritage have influenced French chanson, American pop and world music from Africa and the Caribbean since the 19th century. In exchange, the country has taken what it rightfully deserved. Brazil has an extraordinary capacity to absorb, an inclination towards cultural \u201ccannibalism\u201d. The cannibals and their leader, the poet Oswaldo de Andrade, published a manifesto in 1928 with the slogan \u201cTupi or not Tupi\u201d, or how to satisfy national appetites by borrowing whenever necessary, from colonisers in particular.<\/p>\n<p>The election of Jair Bolsonaro at the end of 2018 produced a profound uneasiness among artistic and cultural communities. A homophobic president who swears by the Bible and has links to the radical fringes of neo-Pentecostal churches, Bolsonaro named retired general Antonio Hamilton Mour\u00e3o as his vice president. During the election campaign, Mour\u00e3o called on Brazilians to overcome their <em>vira-lata<\/em> complex (\u201cmongrel complex\u201d). From the Portuguese, he added, Brazil had inherited a \u201ctendency to demand privileges\u2026 from indigenous culture, a certain indolence\u201d and from Africans, a \u201cthuggish side\u201d. Born in Amazonia, General Mour\u00e3o went on to deny accusations of racism, laying claim to his native origins.<\/p>\n<p>In the meantime, the joyful cultural melting pot on which Brazilian society is founded faltered in this review of history, in which music has top billing. From Milton Nascimento to Hermeto Pascoal, from Elza Soares to Gilberto Gil and Marisa Monte, Brazil boasts all the colours of the rainbow. In the early 1960s, Vinicius de Morais and Tom Jobim invented bossa nova, while the new capital Brasilia was being built. Then, fighting against the military dictatorship established in 1964 (until 1985) and borrowing from the Beatles and Jimi Hendrix as much as samba, the Bahianais (Os Mutantes, Gil, Caetano, Gal Costa\u2026) invented tropic\u00e1lia, a devilishly psychedelic genre, haunted by great champions of destructuring such as Tom&nbsp;Z\u00e9.<\/p>\n<iframe title=\"Tom Z\u00e9 - A Felicidade\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/1hx5-XoRCVw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p>Up against the rise in power of the \u201cTrump of the Tropics\u201d, singers and musicians have been retaliating since 2018, each in their own way: Chico Buarque \u2013 &nbsp;a Workers\u2019 Party supporter since its inception \u2013 whose song \u201cApesar de v\u00f4ce\u201d (1978) was used during anti-Bolsonaro protests; Caetano Veloso, who has written some searing columns in both Brazilian newspapers and the New York Times; Daniela Mercury, the queen of ax\u00e9 music who rallies to the publicly anti-fascist stance taken by young pop star Anitta; and Emicida, the rapper from S\u00e3o Paulo, who adds her voice to those of Brazilian hip-hop icons such as Racioniais <span class=\"caps\">MC<\/span> in denouncing violence, racism and brutal inequalities.<\/p>\n<p>All this proved to be in vain as Jair Bolsonaro was eventually elected with 55.1% of the vote. Social networks, WhatsApp in particular, have come under attack for &nbsp;spreading fake news: for example, Fernando Haddad, Bolsonaro\u2019s opponent, was falsely accused of wanting to distribute a \u201cgay kit\u201d to schools.<\/p>\n<p>As soon as it came to power in January 2019, the Brazilian government began targeting indigenous people from whom the president is keen to confiscate lands for the benefit of agribusiness and mining companies. A founding element of Brazilian identity, candombl\u00e9 \u2013 the Afro-Brazilian spiritual tradition steeped in religious syncretism born out of slavery \u2013 has become a recurring target for evangelicals. Carnival is amoral and the question of gender, a \u201cheresy\u201d. The Minister of Women, Family and Human Rights, Damares Alves, who swears to have seen Jesus appear in a guava tree, stated publicly three days after taking office: \u201cBoys must be dressed in blue and girls in pink\u201d. Immediately after which, Caetano Veloso wore a pink T-shirt with the words \u201cProtect your friends\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>In February, Caetano recorded <em>Proibido o Carnaval<\/em> with Daniela Mercury, a torrid and exuberant ax\u00e9 song. She is dressed in blue; he\u2019s wearing a pink&nbsp;tie.<\/p>\n<iframe title=\"PROIBIDO O CARNAVAL - Daniela Mercury feat Caetano Veloso (Videoclipe Oficial)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/73Dp_gGsWOw?start=69&amp;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p>Daniela Mercury, a model of tropical femininity and a divorced mother, married journalist Malu Ver\u00e7osa as soon as gay marriage was legalised in Brazil in 2013. She wrote the lyrics for the song, teeming with indigenous names, references to candombl\u00e9 and allusions to the colours pink and blue [\u201c<em>Quilombola, Tupinamb\u00e1 <\/em>\/<em> O corpo \u00e9 meu, <\/em>\/<em> ningu\u00e9m toca <\/em>\/<em> Vatap\u00e1, caruru<\/em> \/<em> Iemanj\u00e1 l\u00e1 no sul \/ Vai de rosa or vai de azul?<\/em>\u201c] <em>&nbsp;<\/em>and, right in the middle, the statement: \u201cMy body is mine, nobody touches it\u201d. The song delighted the Carnival in Salvador da Bahia, part of the north-eastern territories that largely voted for the labour party candidate Fernando Haddad and supports Lula, who is serving a twelve-year prison sentence on corruption charges. The fellow conspirators dedicated the song to Jean Wyllys, a gay left-wing&nbsp; <span class=\"caps\">MP<\/span> (for <span class=\"caps\">PSOL<\/span> - The Socialism and Liberty Party), who was forced into exile after repeated death threats in January 2019.<\/p>\n<p>The new Brazilian government began by abolishing the Ministry of Culture, while merging the environment and agriculture ministries to focus on agribusiness. It then turned its attentions to the mechanisms for financing culture, in particular the <span class=\"caps\">SESC<\/span>, Brazil\u2019s main cultural body funded by a tax levied on Brazilian tertiary sector firms and considered too left-wing. Stubborn and powerful, the SESC-S\u00e3o Paulo refused to make even the slightest changes to its programme, hosting, for example, rapper B-Negao, co-founder of the Planet Hemp collective with Marcelo <span class=\"caps\">2D<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>B-Negao was behind a manifesto against Bolsonaro published in November 2018 on the website RapPelaDemocratia, also signed by Emicida and Criolo: \u201cAmong various atrocities, Jair Bolsonaro believes that the police have the right to kill without being accountable. He declares without embarrassment or shame that black women are not worthy of getting married. He refers to <em>quilombolas<\/em> (the descendants of escaped slaves who founded communities called quilombos in the 19th century) as if they were cattle. He champions an end to the hard-earned rights of domestic employees. [\u2026] The absolute majority of the victims here are black people who live in the suburbs. Do you think that makes&nbsp;sense?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It is clear that corruption and growing violence have shifted the popular vote towards far-right authoritarianism. And yet, nothing seems to have undermined the primitive faith of Brazilians in their destiny. Brazil dances, criticises, lives and differences emerge. This is demonstrated by the new muse of vibrant freedom in Brazil, the rapper from Curitiba Karol Conka, who has just released her third album, <em>Ambulante<\/em>. In her voguing inspired video, \u201cVogue do Gueto<em>\u201d<\/em>, the black feminist activist portrays gay couples, dominant women and transsexuals alongside feminist collectives such as We Are Magnolias, Batekoo, As Irenes, Estaremos L\u00e0 and&nbsp;Mooc.<\/p>\n<iframe title=\"Karol Conka - Vogue do Gueto (Clipe Oficial)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RokisLL29BM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p>In this cultural environment that has emerged from the favelas and working-class areas, the old orders of macho rap and Rio\u2019s baile funk are shattered, as shown by the extravagant performances of transvestite Linn da Quebrada.<\/p>\n<iframe title=\"Linn da Quebrada - A Lenda (Ao Vivo)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/AHqoemIGWaA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p>Rio\u2019s Carnival is traditionally a riot of cross-dressing as well as social and political protest. In 2018, people were delighted by caricatures of acting president Michel Temer and Marcello Crivella, evangelical Mayor of Rio, whose decision to cut subsidies for the samba schools was judged amoral. The winner of the first division schools parade, Beija-Flor, used Frankenstein\u2019s monster as a metaphor for Brazil, with a greedy belly gorging on corruption and inequalities.<\/p>\n<p>A year later, the street parades called <em>blocos<\/em> stood up to the far right and told \u201cBolso\u201d to <em>f\u2026 off<\/em> in their <em>marchinhas <\/em>\u2013 satirical marches sung in unison. Inevitably, Damares Alves, the anti-gender minister for whom all teachers are \u201creds\u201d, also gets it in the neck. But the irony of these short plays performed with guitars and surdo drums has also focused on the liberalisation of bearing arms in a country already racked by violence. In February 2019, the march \u201c<em>Rea\u00e7a\u201d<\/em>, <em>pobre de direita<\/em>, composed and performed by the Familia Ramos \u2013 a genuine Curitiba family with a love for music and parody \u2013 went viral on social media. While the Ramos family were ironically singing that \u201cthey were going to buy a gun to shoot communists,\u201d Belo Horizonte\u2019s Orquestra Royal, a young and multi-ethnic ballroom orchestra, launched a fiery <em>frevo do Nordeste<\/em> entitled \u201cOverdose de goiaba\u201d [Overdose of guava], mocking Ms. Alves\u2019 visions.<\/p>\n<iframe title=\"Marchinha do &quot;Rea\u00e7a&quot; pobre de direita\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/o_lw9r-KGZw?start=15&amp;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<iframe title=\"Overdose de Goiaba\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7dKpd0nKPYE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>However, as usual it was up to the great samba schools to tell the story with a capital S. Like <em>futebol<\/em> teams, each school has its own colours and supporters and Mangueira school, in green and pink, chose to go against the dogma that traces the foundation of the Brazilian nation back to the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500. In reality, the \u201cdiscoverers\u201d were crushing invaders who slaughtered the natives. The rules of samba school parades in Rio are very strict. Scores awarded by the jurors are very tight: the flag bearer, Bahian wing, percussionists\u2019 cohesion, and of course, the <em>samba de enredo<\/em> \u2013 the song repeated<em> ad libitum<\/em> during the mandatory 45-minutes parade that escorts the floats and dancers \u2013 are all rigorously assessed. Mangueira won in 2019 and was awarded exceptionally high marks in every category.<\/p>\n<iframe title=\"Samba-enredo da Mangueira em 2019 far\u00e1 homenagem a Marielle Franco\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7SObzDOug_A?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p><span class=\"dquo\">\u201c<\/span><em>Salve os caboclos de julho <\/em>\/<em> Quem foi de a\u00e7o nos anos de chumbo <\/em>\/<em> Brasil, chegou a vez <\/em>\/<em> De ouvir as Marias, Mahins, Marielles, mal\u00eas<\/em>\u201d: Mangueira\u2019s <em>samba de enredo<\/em> makes reference to <em>caboclos<\/em>, Brazilians with mixed black and indigenous heritage; <em>mal\u00e9s<\/em>, slaves who rebelled in Salvador de Bahia in 1835; and <em>marielles<\/em>, referring to the assassination on 14 March 2018 of Marielle Franco \u2013 a black <span class=\"caps\">LGBT<\/span> Rio city councillor and mother to a little girl \u2013 who fought against police violence. A year later, the police arrested two former members of the military police suspected of having shot the young woman; numerous factors point to their close ties to the Bolsonaro family.<\/p>\n<p>Brazil is a vast country: from the megalopolis of S\u00e3o Paulo and its underground electronic music scene to the desert interior of the north-east, or from Rio de Janeiro, the City of Wonders, to the black Bahia. From the temple to <em>futebol<\/em>, the Maracana stadium, to celebrations for the festival of Saint John, Brazil is deeply religious and strongly connected to nature.&nbsp;Tom Jobim \u2013 a thin, black-haired dandy who checked out pretty girls from the Veloso bar terrace while inhaling the greenness of the Tijuca forest overlooking Rio \u2013 described himself as: \u201cAntonio Carlos Joubin, son of a European and an Amazonian monkey\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>By all accounts, Brazil is united by a very special spirit that is its gift to the world: <em>alegria<\/em> (joy and humour), <em>saudade<\/em> (melancholy in a jubilant soul), rhythm, body freedom and romance. In the great Portuguese poetic tradition, love in Brazil a temple, explored by special women and men who do not fear their femininity.&nbsp;\u201cLet time decide \/ If it must happen \/ Live \/ Free,\u201d sings Maria Bethania.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u201cI\u2019m like the mandacaru [a cactus from the north-east that holds water] \/ Your contempt does not make me sad \/ I\u2019m grateful for your mere existence,\u201d continues Alceu Valen\u00e7a.&nbsp;\u201cWe may run out of money, real, cruzado, cruzeiro [Brazil\u2019s currency has seen many changes] \/ Love is worth more than anything,\u201d concludes Rita Lee. The latter, a 70-year-old rebellious rocker and former <em>Os Mutantes<\/em>, recently had people in stitches when she revealed on Twitter that she had once had a relationship with \u201cBolsinho\u201d (little Bolsonaro) that was cut short as he was supposedly \u201cnot all that curious about doing it because he was more interested in a male classmate\u201d.<\/p>\n<iframe title=\"Rita Lee - Reza (video clip)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pmOrZ5hvcoE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Brazilian popular music, known as <span class=\"caps\">MPB<\/span>, Musica Popular Brasileira, has had a profound impact on the world. While bossa nova remains the most widely listened to genre in Brazil, the many variants inspired by Brazilian heritage have influenced French chanson, American pop and world music from Africa and the Caribbean since the 19th century. In<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":236,"featured_media":4437,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4435","focus","type-focus","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The sound of Brazil - #AuxSons<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Brazilian popular music, known as MPB, Musica Popular Brasileira, has had a profound impact on the world. 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