{"id":10763,"date":"2020-07-06T08:37:52","date_gmt":"2020-07-06T06:37:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.auxsons.com\/?post_type=focus&#038;p=10763"},"modified":"2020-09-16T12:31:50","modified_gmt":"2020-09-16T10:31:50","slug":"are-regional-languages-and-cultures-in-danger-the-case-of-frances-overseas-territories","status":"publish","type":"focus","link":"https:\/\/www.auxsons.com\/en\/focus\/are-regional-languages-and-cultures-in-danger-the-case-of-frances-overseas-territories\/","title":{"rendered":"Regional languages and cultures in danger - in France\u2019s overseas territories"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Disparity is hard to ignore when it comes to geography, status, culture and language in France\u2019s overseas territories. But this diversity is at odds with the first paragraph of Article 2 of the French constitution: \u201cThe language of the Republic shall be French\u201d.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Seventy-five official languages are spoken in France\u2019s overseas territories, of which just over fifty are considered \u201clanguages of France\u201d by the General Delegation for the French Language and the Languages of France (<span class=\"caps\">DGLFLF<\/span>), a unit of the Ministry of Culture and Communication.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-10749 lazyload\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.auxsons.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/0-carte-outre-meralt-1024x626.jpg\" alt width=\"640\" height=\"391\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.auxsons.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/0-carte-outre-meralt-1024x626.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.auxsons.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/0-carte-outre-meralt-300x183.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.auxsons.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/0-carte-outre-meralt-768x470.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.auxsons.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/0-carte-outre-meralt-1536x939.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.auxsons.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/0-carte-outre-meralt.jpg 1920w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 640px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 640\/391;\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each of the major overseas <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d\u00e9partements<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Guadeloupe (pop. \u00b1 390,000), Martinique (pop. \u00b1&nbsp;370,000) and R\u00e9union (pop. \u00b1&nbsp;850,000) has its own Creole. In Mayotte (pop. \u00b1&nbsp;260,000), two languages are spoken, Shimaore and Kibushi. The same is true of Wallis and Futuna (pop. \u00b1&nbsp;11,500), where Wallisian and Futunan are spoken. Things get more complicated in French Polynesia (pop. \u00b1&nbsp;280,000), with Marquesan, the language of the Tuamotu, Mangareva and the languages of the Austral Islands. The multilingualism intensifies in Guyana (pop. \u00b1&nbsp;270,000 h), with no fewer than twelve languages of France: Guyanese Creole, Saramaka, Aluku, Ndyuka, Paramaka, Kalina, Wayana, Palikur, Arawak, Wayampi, Teko and Hmong.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And we reach new heights in New Caledonia (pop. \u00b1&nbsp;270,000), where the Kanak speak twenty-eight languages: Ny\u00e2layu, Kumak, Caac, Yuaga, Jawe, Nemi, Fw\u00e2i, Pije, Pwaamei, Pwapw\u00e2, Voh-Kon\u00e9 languages, C\u00e8muh\u00ee, Paic\u00ee, Aji\u00eb, Arh\u00e2, Arh\u00f6, \u2018\u00f4r\u00f4\u00ea, Neku, S\u00eech\u00eb, T\u00eer\u00ee, X\u00e2r\u00e2c\u00f9\u00f9, X\u00e2r\u00e2gur\u00e8, Drubea, Num\u00e8\u00e8, Nengone, Drehu, Iaai and Fagauvea.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fought on many fronts and generally misunderstood by the dominant societies until the mid-20th century, these languages owe their survival only to the mobilisation of populations determined to safeguard their respective cultural identities Among the methods employed in this struggle, song, music and dance have proved to be particularly effective tools. Encouraged by the mass decolonisation of 1960, identity resistance movements stirred the three large Creole-speaking islands that became d\u00e9partements in 1946. Their claims were expressed through folk arts in particular, which had the gift of repulsing the dominant local minorities, subjected to metropolitan acculturation.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Gwoka<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<iframe title=\"Le gwoka&nbsp;: musique, chants et danses repr\u00e9sentatifs de l\u2019identit\u00e9 guadeloup\u00e9enne\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/CtnNzzVpB1c?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Guadeloupe, the gwoka was mocked, seen as \u201cmizik a vi\u00e9 neg\u201d, the equivalent of \u201csavage music\u201d. In Martinique, the b\u00e8l\u00e8 was banished almost entirely from the public space. In R\u00e9union, the rhythm, dance and song of the maloya were practised in secret in the society of \u201cCafres\u201d (Blacks). It was played during \u201cservis kabar\u00e9\u201d, evening festivals, funerary vigils adapted from sacred Malagasy rituals celebrating ancestors. The trance phenomena that sometimes resulted from these drum dances disgusted the elites. So, it was in hiding that the cultural identities specific to R\u00e9union, Guadeloupe and Martinique were reborn. And when the revolutionary wave of May 1968 reached France\u2019s overseas territories, the demands became more political.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Servis kabar\u00e9 \u2013 Firmin Viry \u2013 Granmoun Sello - Dany\u00e8l Waro&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<iframe title=\"Le Maloya\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IqaU_wTA6HM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 1970s, the strategy of the Communist Party of R\u00e9union (<span class=\"caps\">PCR<\/span>) consisted of rehabilitating the traditional maloya, which then came out of family and ritual settings to become a subversive catalyst, appearing on stage at municipal festivals. It was there that Dany\u00e8l Waro had his initiation, alongside his teacher Firmin Viry. In Guadeloupe, autonomist movements did not think twice about using plastic explosives in 1980 to support their demands. It was also this period that saw the explosion of Kassav\u2019s zouk, the flag bearer for the linguistic and cultural dynamism of the French Antilles, ready to conquer the world. The individual identities of the archipelagos are expressed less in the 21st century by violence than by the mass involvement of the Antilles\u2019 inhabitants. In 2014, the gwoka was added to <span class=\"caps\">UNESCO<\/span>\u2019s list of intangible cultural heritage (<span class=\"caps\">ICH<\/span>), where it joined R\u00e9union\u2019s maloya, added in&nbsp;2010.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kassav - Zouk La S\u00e9 S\u00e8l M\u00e9dikaman Nou Ni - Kassav Live<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gEDU5oEAkxI\">https:\/\/\u200bwww\u200b.youtube\u200b.com\/\u200bw\u200ba\u200bt\u200bc\u200bh\u200b?\u200bv\u200b=\u200bg\u200bE\u200bD\u200bU\u200b5\u200bo\u200bE\u200bA\u200bkxI<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The history of Pacific cultures differs from that of the Antilles and the Indian Ocean, where non-native populations were brought together, often as the result of slavery. At the time of its later colonisation, Oceania had been inhabited for several millennia by indigenous people. This was orchestrated by Anglican pastors who evangelised hand over fist, hence the influence of hymns in the vocal forms that survive to the present day. As with Native Americans, imported diseases cause devastation: 80% of the Kanak population had disappeared from New Caledonia by the end of the 19th century.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Te Ava Piti - E He\u2019e Te&nbsp;Va\u2019a<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<iframe title=\"Te Ava Piti - E He'e Te Va'a (Studio Alphonse)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ieRh4chJq4c?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kanak culture and languages owe their rebirth to the uprising of separatists. From 1984 to 1988, they succeeded in making an independent Kanaky, with its own government, a reality. It was a difficult struggle that ended in the massacre on Ouv\u00e9a, but led to the recognition of a people that had been oppressed for 135 years. It was the work of a man of culture, Jean-Marie Tjibaou, who paid for it with his life. In each Kanak clan that had its own music and dance, this unparalleled leader had convinced the elders to allow the young to take hold of the clans\u2019 heritage to create modern music: kaneka. Since then, radio stations and <span class=\"caps\">K7<\/span> would get people dancing to almost forgotten languages.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Celenod - Wahnahnada Externas<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<iframe title=\"06 wahnahnada externas\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/eibuRuUxSA8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Everywhere in the overseas territories, the trend is now towards \u201cbalanced multilingualism\u201d. The state and communities alike implement policies aimed at supporting local languages and cultures. Zouk, gwoka, b\u00e8l\u00e8, maloya and kaneka have revealed hitherto little-known cultural identities to the ears of the world. Soon, advanced forms of Mayotte\u2019s m\u2019godro and Guyana\u2019s al\u00e9k\u00e9 will emerge. A diversity of styles and languages capable, let\u2019s hope, of keeping the frantic globalisation of a pseudo-culture that has a tendency to standardise art as well as thought at&nbsp;bay.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> M\u2019Toro Chamou - M\u2019Godro Rebel<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<iframe title=\"M'Toro Chamou |&nbsp;M'Godro Rebel  [Official Music Video]\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bm76cT2b7w4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Disparity is hard to ignore when it comes to geography, status, culture and language in France\u2019s overseas territories. But this diversity is at odds with the first paragraph of Article 2 of the French constitution: \u201cThe language of the Republic shall be French\u201d.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Seventy-five official languages are spoken in France\u2019s overseas territories, of which just over fifty are considered \u201clanguages of France\u201d by the General Delegation for the French Language and the Languages of France (<span class=\"caps\">DGLFLF<\/span>), a unit of the Ministry of Culture and Communication.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":271,"featured_media":10760,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10763","focus","type-focus","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Regional languages and cultures in danger - in France\u2019s overseas territories - #AuxSons<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Disparity is hard to ignore when it comes to geography, status, culture and language in France\u2019s overseas territories. But this diversity is at odds with the first paragraph of Article 2 of the French constitution: \u201cThe language of the Republic shall be French\u201d.\u00a0Seventy-five official languages are spoken in France\u2019s overseas territories, of which just over fifty are considered \u201clanguages of France\u201d by the General Delegation for the French Language and the Languages of France (DGLFLF), a unit of the Ministry of Culture and Communication.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.auxsons.com\/en\/focus\/are-regional-languages-and-cultures-in-danger-the-case-of-frances-overseas-territories\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Regional languages and cultures in danger - in France\u2019s overseas territories - #AuxSons\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Disparity is hard to ignore when it comes to geography, status, culture and language in France\u2019s overseas territories. 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But this diversity is at odds with the first paragraph of Article 2 of the French constitution: \u201cThe language of the Republic shall be French\u201d.\u00a0Seventy-five official languages are spoken in France\u2019s overseas territories, of which just over fifty are considered \u201clanguages of France\u201d by the General Delegation for the French Language and the Languages of France (DGLFLF), a unit of the Ministry of Culture and Communication.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.auxsons.com\/en\/focus\/are-regional-languages-and-cultures-in-danger-the-case-of-frances-overseas-territories\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Regional languages and cultures in danger - in France\u2019s overseas territories - #AuxSons","og_description":"Disparity is hard to ignore when it comes to geography, status, culture and language in France\u2019s overseas territories. 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